ELEMENTS OF ART: "VALUE"
Shading Techniques for Drawing
Techniques used for applying shading to an object are quite varied. Each technique produces a different texture and "feel" to the drawing. The drawing medium used may determine the shading technique that is applied in the drawing.
The most common application techniques include:
Hatching - Lines drawn in the same direction. By drawing lines closer together, darker values are created. Leaving more space between lines results in lighter values. For rounded objects, the lines may curve slightly around the form - following the contours of the object.
Cross-Hatching - Lines cross over each other. The density at which the lines cross over each other determines the value that is produced.
Blending - Smooth gradations of value are produced either by adjusting the amount of pressure applied to the medium or by using a blending tool, such a blending stump.
Rendering - Using an eraser to remove the medium to produce lighter values. This technique is typically used in conjunction with blending.
Random lines - Loose applications of crossing lines. The frequency in which the lines cross over each determines the value produced.
Stippling - Applying countless small dots to build up darker values in a drawing. The density of the dots determines the value produced.
What technique is the graphic artist Suso33 using here?
The Illusion of Light
It's easy to get caught up in the technique in which the material is applied and loose sight of the reason why we apply shading in the first place.
Light is how we see, after all, and shading informs us of the light within a scene. We understand the light within the scene through the use of value and contrast.
Value is the darkness or lightness of a color. Light values are called tints and dark values are called shades.
Contrast deals with difference. Contrast is produced when any difference between elements such as texture, color, size, or value occurs. It can be subtle or extreme. When it comes to shading, we are mostly concerned with the contrast that is produced from changes in value.
When light hits the subject, it produces a range of contrasting values. The intensity of the light determines the contrast of values. Generally, the stronger the light - the higher the contrast.
Values are arranged on the subject according to the location and intensity of the light source (or sources). To simplify the manner in which light behaves on a subject and surrounding objects, we'll look at what happens with just one light source on a smooth surface.
SHADING AREAS
Locations of Value
Highlight - The highlight is the location on the subject where the reflection of light is most intense. Highlights are typically indicated by a very light value of the color or in some cases - white.
Mid Tone - Mid tones are areas on the subject where some light is hitting, but in a manner that is less intense than the highlight. In many cases, the mid tone is the actual color (local color) or value of the subject.
Core Shadow - The core shadow is the area on the subject where light is prevented from hitting, producing an area of shadow. Core shadows are typically darker values of the local color.
Cast Shadow - Cast shadows are locations of darker value that result on surrounding objects or surfaces. Light is blocked from reaching these areas completely because another object is reflecting much of the light away.
Some light is reflected back off of surrounding objects and surfaces. This light bounces back onto objects producing an area of lighter value.
ACTIVITY 1: SHADING A SPHERE
ACTIVITY 2: SHADING A CUBE
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